c881145.Jamie

In Russia 100 years ago, small farmers were called Kulaks. Lenin and Stalin hated them. They were independent, self-reliant, and religious. “They must be eliminated as a class,” Stalin roared. Now Obama is taking aim at America’s family farms.
在 100 年前的俄羅斯，小農被稱為富農。 列寧和斯大林憎恨他們。 他們是獨立的、自力更生的和虔誠的。 “他們必須作為一個階級被消滅，”斯大林咆哮道。 現在奧巴馬的目標是美國的家庭農場。
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Kulak (/ˈkuːlæk/; Russian: кула́к; plural: кулаки́, kulakí, 'fist' or 'tight-fisted'), kurkul (Ukrainian: куркуль) or golchomag (Azerbaijani: qolçomaq, plural: qolçomaqlar) was the term which was used to describe peasants who owned over 8 acres (3.2 hectares) of land towards the end of the Russian Empire. In the early Soviet Union, particularly in Soviet Russia and Azerbaijan, kulak became a vague reference to property ownership among peasants who were considered "hesitant" allies of the revolution.[1] In 1930–31 in Ukraine also existed a term of pidkurkulnyk (almost wealthy peasant); these were considered "sub-kulaks".[2]

The word kulak originally referred to former peasants in the Russian Empire who became wealthier during the Stolypin reform of 1906 to 1914, which aimed to reduce radicalism amongst the peasantry and produce profit-minded, politically conservative farmers. During the Russian Revolution, the label kulak was used to chastise peasants who withheld grain from the Bolsheviks.[3] According to Marxist–Leninist political theories of the early 20th century, the kulaks were considered the class enemies of the poorer peasants.[4] Vladimir Lenin himself described them as "bloodsuckers, vampires, plunderers of the people and profiteers, who fatten themselves during famines,"[5] declaring revolution against them to liberate poor peasants, farm laborers, and proletariat (the much smaller class of urban and industrial workers).[6]

During the first five-year plan, Stalin's all-out campaign to take land ownership and organisation away from the peasantry meant that, according to historian Robert Conquest, "peasants with a couple of cows or five or six acres [~2 ha] more than their neighbors" were labeled kulaks.[7] However, in 1929, Soviet officials officially classified kulaks according to subjective criteria, such as the use of hired labour. Under dekulakization, government officials seized farms and killed most resisters,[4][8] deported others to labor camps, and drove many others to migrate to the cities following the loss of their property to the collectives.[9]
Kulak (/ˈkuːlæk/; 俄語: кула́к; 複數: кулаки́, kulakí, '拳頭' 或'緊拳頭'), kurkul (烏克蘭語: куркуль) 或 golchomag (阿塞拜疆語: qolçomaq)描述在俄羅斯帝國末期擁有超過 8 英畝（3.2 公頃）土地的農民。在早期的蘇聯，特別是在蘇維埃俄羅斯和阿塞拜疆，富農成為被視為“猶豫不決”革命盟友的農民對財產所有權的模糊提及。 [1]在 1930-31 年間，烏克蘭還存在一個術語 pidkurkulnyk（幾乎是富有的農民）；這些被認為是“子富農”。 [2]

kulak 一詞最初指的是俄羅斯帝國的前農民，他們在 1906 年至 1914 年的斯托雷平改革期間變得更加富有，旨在減少農民中的激進主義，並培養出注重利潤、政治上保守的農民。在俄國革命期間，富農這個標籤被用來懲罰那些從布爾什維克手中扣留糧食的農民。 [3]根據 20 世紀初的馬克思列寧主義政治理論，富農被認為是貧苦農民的階級敵人。 [4]弗拉基米爾·列寧 (Vladimir Lenin) 本人將他們描述為“吸血鬼、吸血鬼、掠奪人民的掠奪者和奸商，他們在飢荒中養肥自己”，[5] 向他們宣布革命，以解放貧農、農場工人和無產階級（城市和農村的小得多的階級）。產業工人).[6]

在第一個五年計劃期間，斯大林全面奪走農民的土地所有權和組織權，根據歷史學家羅伯特康奎斯特的說法，這意味著“農民擁有幾頭奶牛或五六英畝 [~2 公頃]比他們的鄰居“被貼上了富農的標籤。[7]然而，在 1929 年，蘇聯官員根據主觀標準對富農進行了正式分類，例如使用僱傭勞動。在去富農化的情況下，政府官員奪取了農場並殺死了大多數抵抗​​者，[4][8] 將其他人驅逐到勞改營，並在他們的財產被集體失去後驅使許多其他人遷移到城市。 [9]


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100年前的俄羅斯，後來的中共階級鬥爭及文革，目前的歐巴馬-影子政府的目標是美國家庭農場，及各國以疾病打擊中小企業，
並利用AEV PASSPORT 來區分鬥爭，未來沒有AEV的將會打成黑五類，給予各種極刑與死刑。
某些國家已經看清楚其陰謀，開始拒絕其各種打壓方式，如丹麥...，但也有國家加大力度壓迫，如新加坡。
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Liquidation of an Entire Class
"In order to oust the kulaks as a class, the resistance of this class must be smashed in open battle and it must be deprived of the productive sources of its existence and development (free use of land, instruments of production, land-renting, right to hire labor, etc)." Stalin Works
In 1926 despite a good harvest, state collections were 50% of what was expected. In some areas, emergency measures were taken: grain was seized, and taxes on the kulaks were increased to force them to sell more grain to the state.
These low state collections threatened hunger in the rapidly expanding cities and undermined industrialization.
In December of 1929, Stalin called for the kulaks to be “liquidated” as a class to safeguard his industrialization plans.
Action was at first limited to the kulaks who resisted grain collection. Officials arrested, deported, and confiscated the property of any peasant who failed to hand over their grain quota. Kulaks were sent to gulags, or labor prison camps.
In January of 1930, action against the kulaks was increased to set up collectives. Officials initially relied on persuasion, however, for more rapid results, violence was used.
The kulaks were divided into two groups: counter revolutionaries who were executed, and “exploiters” who were deported. Around 150,000 people were forced to migrate to poorer land in the north and east.
The kulaks were separated into three categories: those to be killed immediately, those to be sent to prison, and those to be deported to Siberia or Russia Asia.
Stalin used such harsh methods to discourage resistance, and in the hopes that a brutal policy would “break the back of the peasantry” and persuade Russians to accept the rule of Moscow.
However, Stalin’s attempt at quashing resistance backfired; the deportations incited numerous localized rebellions, which were brutally suppressed. In response, the peasants slaughtered their animals and destroyed their grain.
An estimated 700,000 - 6,000,000 kulaks were executed
Including the casualties from World War Two, it is estimated that Stalin is responsible for the 34-49 million deaths. However, some historians estimate that he killed 50 million people excluding war casualties.
--Grover Neeley
清盤整類
“要推翻富農這個階級，就必須在公開的戰鬥中粉碎這個階級的反抗，必須剝奪它生存和發展的生產源泉（自由使用土地、生產工具、土地租賃、僱用勞動力等的權利）。”斯大林作品
1926 年，儘管收成不錯，但州政府的收藏仍是預期的 50%。一些地區採取緊急措施：沒收糧食，對富農增稅，迫使他們向國家出售更多糧食。
這些低水平的國家收藏威脅到快速擴張的城市的飢餓並破壞了工業化。
1929 年 12 月，斯大林呼籲將富農作為一個階級“清算”，以維護他的工業化計劃。
行動最初僅限於抵制穀物收集的富農。官員逮捕、驅逐和沒收任何未能交出糧食配額的農民的財產。富農被送到古拉格或勞改營。
1930年1月，加大對富農的打擊力度，成立集體。官員們最初依賴於說服，然而，為了更快地取得結果，使用了暴力。
富農分為兩組：被處決的反革命分子和被驅逐出境的“剝削者”。大約 150,000 人被迫遷移到北部和東部較貧窮的土地。
富農被分為三類：立即處死的、送進監獄的和流放到西伯利亞或俄羅斯亞洲的。
斯大林使用瞭如此嚴厲的手段來阻止抵抗，並希望通過殘酷的政策“打垮農民的後背”，說服俄羅斯人接受莫斯科的統治。
然而，斯大林鎮壓抵抗的嘗試適得其反。驅逐行動煽動了許多地方性叛亂，但遭到殘酷鎮壓。作為回應，農民屠殺了他們的牲畜並銷毀了他們的糧食。
估計有 700,000 - 6,000,000 富農被處決
包括第二次世界大戰的傷亡人數在內，估計斯大林對 34-4900 萬人的死亡負有責任。然而，一些歷史學家估計，不包括戰爭傷亡，他殺死了 5000 萬人。